My friend and colleague, Jose Costa, and I recently had an opportunity to write an editorial about an exciting paper by Steidl et al. published in The New England Journal of Medicine on March 11, 2010. I thought it would be worthwhile reprinting some of our commentary here because I think the data may be what we've been looking for when it comes to changing the direction of the treatment of Hodgkin's disease. The data provided by Steidl and his colleagues, in fact, offer the breakthrough we have been looking for to select patients with a particularly poor prognosis, regardless of stage, for more-aggressive treatment and bring more logic to the treatment of this very curable malignancy.
Steidl and his co-authors discovered a gene signature of tumor associated macrophages and monocytes in patients with Hodgkin’s disease that correlated with outcome. Remarkably, they were able to validate the correlation in an independent cohort of patients using CD 68—an immunohistochemical marker of normal macrophages.
The correlation of CD 68 positive macrophages with outcome was striking. All patients with limited disease, minimally positive for CD 68, were alive and free of disease at the time of the report. The association of CD 68 positivity and disease specific mortality rates was strong in all subsets analyzed. In advanced disease the correlation between macrophage number and progression-free survival is significant.
This study provides a rationale for the use of molecular tools when effective treatments are available but we cannot prospectively separate those who will be cured from current treatment from those who will not respond.
Hodgkin’s disease is a good example of this type of situation. For almost 40 years now, early stage disease has been curable by radiotherapy, and combination chemotherapy can cure both early and advanced-stage disease. Despite an overall cure rate of around 80%, treatment has stagnated in the past two decades because of the absence of precise markers that can predict response to therapy. As a result of this situation most patients, especially those in early stages of disease, are over treated— they receive radiotherapy and combination chemotherapy. As a consequence, long term toxicity from treatment is significant.
In some studies where young women have received both chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the incidence of beast cancer reaches almost 30% at 15 years after treatment. Almost all patients with classic Hodgkin disease will go into remission with initial treatment but about 30% of patients with advanced disease and almost 15% of those with early stages of disease will also relapse. Early relapses in patients with both advanced and localized disease treated with chemotherapy defines a drug resistance subset of Hodgkin’s lymphoma. This group carries a very poor prognosis through all subsequent treatment approaches including high-dose treatment with stem cell support.
It is of considerable interest that early relapse from complete remission carries the same poor prognosis in all tumor types where remission is possible, suggesting a common mechanism of resistance across tumor types. If at the time of diagnosis we could identify the small subset of Hodgkin patients who are destined to fail to respond to chemotherapy, most patients could be spared the use of a combination of modalities as initial treatment, especially radiotherapy, that is associated with long-term toxicity.
The Reed–Sternberg (R-S) cell is unique amongst lymphoma cells in that a number of important signaling pathways have been shown to be constitutively activated, including the JAK-STAT, receptor tyrosine kinases, NF-kappa B and other pathways. The R-S cell also secretes numerous cytokines, including granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, which may be responsible for the assembly of inflammatory cells in involved lymph nodes. It has been termed the master regulator of the surrounding inflammatory response.
Almost all tumors types are invaded by macrophages and it was once thought that this invasion represented a host immunological response to the tumor. However, most evidence now links tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) with a poor prognosis, as demonstrated in the study by Steidl and his colleagues. Termed ‘tropic macrophages,’ TAMs bear a close resemblance in function to embryonic macrophages associated with cell migration during development.These macrophages have been shown to mediate blood vessel formation by regulating the angiogenic switch through secretion of VEGF and hypoxia inducing factor.
Migration of macrophages to areas of the tumor seems to be a late event in Hodgkin disease. It is difficult to explain the impact of trophic macrophages on response to treatment unless at some point in the evolution of the disease, a critical pathway to apoptosis is crippled in the R-S cell and this is associated with the secretion of a cytokine that leads to macrophage infiltration of the tumor. Such an event could inhibit cell death in response to cytotoxic treatments.
